Appearance before the House of Commons Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs (INAN) - Budget 2025 - Honourable Rebecca Alty (November 17, 2025)

Logistics

Date: November 17, 2025
Time: 3:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.
Location: Room 415, Wellington Building, 197 Sparks Street

Appearing

Panel 1 (3:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.)

Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs (CIRNAC)

• The Hon. Rebecca Alty, Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations
• The Hon. Rebecca Chartrand, Minister of Northern Affairs
• Department Officials
  • Valerie Gideon, Deputy Minister for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northen Affairs Canada
  • Rob Wright, Associate Deputy Minister for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
  • Manon Nadeau-Beaulieu, Chief Finances Results and Delivery Officer
  • Georgina Lloyd, Assistant Deputy Minister

Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency (CanNor)

• Jimi Onalik, President

Panel 2 (4:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.)

Indigenous Services Canada (ISC)

• The Hon. Mandy Gull-Masty, Minister of Indigenous Services
• Department Officials
  • Gina Wilson, Deputy Minister for Indigenous Services Canada
  • TBD

Committee Membership

• MP Terry Sheehan (LIB – ON) (Chair)
• MP Jaime Battiste (LIB – NS)
• MP Philip Earle (LIB – NFD)
• MP Ginette Lavack (LIB – MB)
• MP Brendan Hanley (LIB – YK)

• MP Jamie Schmale (CPC – ON) (Vice-Chair)
• MP Eric Melillo (CPC – ON)
• MP Billy Morin (CPC – AB)
• MP Bob Zimmer (CPC – BC)

• MP Sébastien Lemire (BQ – QC) (Vice-Chair)

Parliamentary Analysis

MP Terry Sheehan (LIB) (Chair) was previously a Parliamentary Secretary for FedNor. He may ask questions about indigenous entrepreneurship culture, participation in the forestry industry, regional economic development agencies, and economic reconciliation.

MP Jaime Battiste (LIB), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations, has been a strong advocate for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit issues throughout his career. He may ask questions about Jordan's Principle, as well safe drinking water in Indigenous communities. During officials' appearances on Main Estimates, he asked about the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation and the government's efforts towards implementing the TRC's calls to action.

MP Philip Earle (LIB) may ask questions about Arctic sovereignty and security, Indigenous consultation on major projects and the One Canadian Economy Act, and diesel power generation replacement in the North.

MP Ginette Lavack (LIB), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Indigenous Services, may ask questions that pertain to clean energy and climate action.

MP Brendan Hanley (LIB), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Northern and Arctic Affairs, may ask questions specific to his riding, Yukon. He may ask about self-governance for Indigenous communities, specifically those in his riding. He may also ask questions on Northern economic development and support for Indigenous-owned businesses.

MP Jaime Schmale (CPC) (Vice-Chair) is also the CPC Shadow Minister for Crown-Indigenous Relations. He will likely highlight economic reconciliation in his questions. He may ask questions related to: the department's progress on payments for out-of-court settlements; the Nutrition North Canada Program's targets and timelines; updates about MMIWG recommendations and a Red Dress Alert, and be critical of how slow the Government has been to act on this; the failure to provide Indigenous communities with support to manage environmental emergencies like floods and wildfires; and remaining boil water advisories on reserves and ISC's failure to provide Indigenous communities with support to manage environmental emergencies like floods and wildfires. He has previously asked about measuring outcomes for Indigenous housing, and why increased funding has not led to better outcomes.

MP Eric Melillo (CPC) is the CPC Shadow Minister for Federal Economic Development Agency for Northern Ontario. He may ask questions about food insecurity, medical transportation in northern and remote communities, the Grassy Narrows care facility, and infrastructure gaps in Indigenous communities. He may criticize the Nutrition North program and ask what steps are being taken to lower food costs in the North. His questions will likely support an economic reconciliation approach.

MP Bob Zimmer (CPC) is the CPC Shadow Minister for Arctic Affairs & Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency. He has previously asked for breakdowns of funding for several Specific Claims by community. He may ask questions about the funding for the Nutrition North Canada Program needing to benefit people rather than corporations, as well as about Arctic security and defence. He may ask questions regarding boil water advisories in Indigenous communities and cancelled or delayed critical infrastructure projects in Nunavut. In recent meetings, he has been asking questions about the federal gun buy-back program.

MP Billy Morin (CPC) is the CPC Shadow Minister for Indigenous Services and he was formerly a Chief of the Enoch Cree Nation (2015 – 2022). He may ask questions about infrastructure and business development – with a focus on Edmonton area examples. He may also ask questions related to the responsible development of natural resources.

MP Sébastien Lemire (BQ) (Vice-Chair) is also the BQ critic for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs. He may ask questions related to funding for the TRC's Calls to Action, wildfires, water insecurity, and housing. During last year's appearance by officials on Main Estimates, he asked about mental heath services available for Indigenous youth, the Yänonhchia' housing initiative, the Indigenous and northern infrastructure gap, as well as Indigenous housing programs and supports.

Recent INAN studies, reports and government responses

• Indigenous Policing and Public Safety Study
• Report 1: First Nations, Inuit and Métis Identity and Participation in Federal Procurement (presented to the House: October 23, 2025)
• Barriers to Indigenous Economic Development Study

Recent Correspondence

2025-2026 Budget

Ottawa, ON
November 5, 2025

Check against delivery

Kwe kwe, Ullukkut [Ood-loo-koot], Tansi, bonjour, hello!

I would like to first acknowledge that we are gathered on the traditional unceded and unsurrendered territory of the Algonquin Anishnaabeg people.

I'm here today as a proud Canadian who believes in the strength and promise of our country and all of its people. As noted in the Minister of Finance's budget, we remain committed to reconciliation, equality, and respect. As the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations, I will work to defend these principles, while I do my part so that Indigenous Peoples are active participants and directly benefit as we grow Canada's economy.

Budget 2025 is a roadmap to strengthen our economies; federal, provincial, territorial and Indigenous, so that we can determine our collective future. It delivers generational investments that will strengthen Canada's social fabric and support healthier, more resilient communities.

As part of this plan, we are proposing to make the National School Food Program permanent, with $216.6 million annually nationwide beginning in 2029-30. Working in direct partnership with Indigenous communities, this investment will expand access to nutritious, culturally relevant school food programs that reflect local priorities and food systems. It's a commitment to better education outcomes, improved health, and a stronger future for Indigenous children and youth across the country.

This commitment to a stronger future also underpins Building Canada Strong, a strategy rooted in economic growth, reconciliation, equity, and shared prosperity. Investments have been announced to establish and support the Major Projects Office, which will fast-track major infrastructure projects that create jobs and grow incomes for families and individuals and revenues for governments.

The major projects we undertake will be guided by our ongoing commitment to reconciliation. As stated in the Building Canada Act, Indigenous voices will be central to the way forward. Every project must uphold and respect Indigenous rights, and the Crown's legal duty to consult. As well, projects must honour modern treaty and self-governing agreements and be guided by the principles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Major projects will only proceed following meaningful consultation and, when called for, accommodation of impacted Indigenous communities.

Budget 2025 provides $10.1 million over three years, starting in 2025-26, to support the continued use of the Federal Initiative on Consultation. This means Indigenous rightsholders will be consulted for national interest projects listed under the Building Canada Act through co-developed consultation protocols and resource centres. These tools create a clearer path for Indigenous communities to benefit from projects of national interest.

The Indigenous Advisory Council guiding the Major Projects Office will provide Indigenous Knowledge and expertise at every step of the process. This is how we build trust. This is how we build Canada Strong–by building it together.

To further our vision of a strong and inclusive economy, Budget 2025 also proposes changes to the First Nations Fiscal Management Act that would permit lending by the First Nations Finance Authority to Indigenous-owned Special Purpose Vehicles which have obtained federal or provincial loan guarantees. This would make it easier for Indigenous communities to acquire equity stakes in major economic projects. With better access to financing, communities can create jobs, grow local businesses, and build long-term economic strength.

Honourable members, I am excited for us to seize this moment to build a Canada that is stronger and more prosperous for all Canadians. To build a Canada where reconciliation is practised every day. A Canada where First Nations, Inuit and Métis are empowered. A Canada where everyone–Indigenous or non-Indigenous–can look to the future with hope.

Meegwetch. Qujannamiik [Koo-ya-na-meek]. Marci. Merci. Thank you.

Key Messages

• Budget 2025 reinforces our commitment to reconciliation and focuses on Indigenous-led solutions particularly in housing, infrastructure, and governance. I work with colleagues to ensure that Indigenous peoples are not only consulted, but are active partners in informing the design of key initiatives, including, for example, the work of Build Canada Homes.
• Moving forward I will work to ensure that First Nations, Inuit and Métis are able to take advantage of the opportunities presented through Budget 2025 and the Build Canada Act, including through the Federal Initiative on Consultation and enhanced access to capital enabled by Indigenous Special Purpose Vehicles.
• I will also work with the Minister of Indigenous Services on to support the cross-government Indigenous Housing Strategy.

Background

Crown-Indigenous Investments:

• $216.6 million per year to make the National School Food Program permanent (funding to ESDC, ISC and CIRNAC for Métis and MTSG).
• $10.1 million over three years to continue leading the Federal Initiative on Consultation to support the meaningful participation of Indigenous rightsholders in consultation processes for projects of national interest designated under the Building Canada Act.

Legislative Amendments for Crown-Indigenous Relations:

• Enable Lending to Indigenous Special Purpose Vehicles – amend the First Nations Fiscal Management Act to enable the First Nations Finance Authority to lend to Indigenous special purpose vehicles and further enhance access to capital.
• Naskapi and the Cree-Naskapi Commission Act – amend the Naskapi and the Cree-Naskapi Naskapi Commission Act Commission Act to clarify Naskapi Police authority on Naskapi lands and eliminate inconsistencies with the Northeastern Quebec Agreement.

Policy Development:

• Support the Minister of Indigenous Services to coordinate a cross-government Indigenous Housing Strategy following engagement with First Nations on reserve, Inuit Treaty Organisations, Métis governments, and Modern Treaty holders and Self-Governing Indigenous Governments.

Other Investments that will support Indigenous peoples and communities:

Infrastructure, Housing and Water:

• $213.8 million over five years for the Major Projects Office. Funding will also support the Indigenous Advisory Council which will support the Major Projects Office by ensuring that partnership and Indigenous economic participation are embedded in major projects advanced in Canada.
• Build Canada Homes will work with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis leadership to determine how best to contribute to First Nations, Inuit, and Métis identified needs and priorities.
  • $2.8 billion is being confirmed for urban, rural, and northern Indigenous housing as part of this work.
• Canada Infrastructure Bank will increase its targets for investments in Indigenous Infrastructure from at least $1 billion to at least $3 billion across its priority sectors which will support economic prosperity and infrastructure needs.
• Budget 2025 has doubled its investment in the Indigenous Loan Guarantee Program from $5 billion to $10 billion, enabling more Indigenous communities to become owners of major projects.
  • It also announces the government's intention for the Canada Indigenous Loan Guarantee Corporation to work with Indigenous investors on greenfield (new build) projects that will generate economic prosperity for Indigenous communities.
• As previously announced in August, $40 million over two years, starting in 2025-26, to Indigenous Services Canada through the Strategic Partnerships Initiative to support Indigenous capacity building and consultation.
• $2.3 billion over three years, starting in 2026-27, to renew the First Nations Water and Wastewater Enhanced Program.

Financial Tools:

• Explore new financing tools to expand options available to First Nations to advance their infrastructure priorities such as the creation of a bonding and surety pilot project for First Nations contractors on-reserve and a standalone pilot scheme to monetize federal transfers to support financing for First Nations infrastructure on reserve.
• Conclude fuel, alcohol, cannabis, tobacco and vaping value-added sales tax arrangements with interested Indigenous governments to support growing revenue and advance fiscal relationships to support Indigenous economic prosperity.
• Amend the Income Tax Act to allow the Canade Revenue Agency to file a tax return on behalf of lower income individuals in simple tax situations, to support individuals with low income to access these benefits, including Indigenous Peoples.

Skills Training:

• Youth Employment and Skills Strategy – Budget 2025 proposes to provide $307.9 million over two years, starting in 2026-27, for the horizontal Youth Employment and Skills Strategy to provide employment, training, and wraparound supports (e.g., mentorship, transportation, mental health counselling) to around 20,000 youth facing employment barriers annually. $20.1 million of this is offset by funding already provisioned in the fiscal framework.
• Union Training and Innovation Program – As announced on October 27, 2025, Budget 2025 proposes to provide $75 million over three years, starting in 2026-27, to Employment and Social Development Canada to expand the Union Training and Innovation Program, which supports union-based apprenticeship training in the Red Seals trades.

Other:

• $443.0 million over five years, starting in 2025-26, to Natural Resources Canada and ISED to support critical minerals processing, projects and to develop a stockpiling mechanism.
• $257.6 million over four years, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to lease four aircraft to bolster provincial and territorial aerial firefighting capacity.

Northern and Arctic investments:

• $1 billion over four years, starting in 2025-26, to Transport Canada to create the Arctic Infrastructure Fund, which will invest in major transportation projects in the North with dual use applications for civilian and military use, including airports, seaports, all-season roads, and highways.
  • These investments will strengthen Canada's sovereignty, support economic development and job creation in Northern communities, advance Indigenous economic reconciliation, and promote further trade diversification by opening new gateways to global markets.
  • Dual use infrastructure investments in the North will reliably meet both military and local needs, and the government recognizes that Inuit, First Nations, and other communities are best placed to identify community needs.
• $25.5 million over four years, starting in 2025-26, to Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, and $41.7 million over four years, starting in 2025-26, to Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency, to help accelerate regulatory processes in Canada's North–including consultation with Indigenous governments and organisations, and local northern communities.
• Inuit Nunangat University – Budget 2025 announced the Government's support for the Inuit Nunangat University through the Build Communities Strong Fund. Inuit Nunangat University was an education priority of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami's pre-Budget submission
• Nutrition North Canada – Building on the external review of Nutrition North Canada by the Special Representative, the government remains committed to co-developing with Inuit and Northern Indigenous leaders, evidence-based food security approaches that better meet the high cost of living and affordability challenges faced by many Inuit and Northerners. A co-developed, evidence-based replacement for Nutrition North Canada was part of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami's pre-Budget submission
• Comprehensive Review of Health Care and Health Infrastructure in the North – The Minister of Health and the Minister of National Defence, in collaboration with the Minister of Indigenous Services and the Minister of Northern Affairs and Arctic Affairs, to undertake a comprehensive assessment of health care and health infrastructure needs in the North, with the goal of identifying innovative ways to increase access to health care in northern communities and reduce medical travel costs through engagement with Northen and Arctic Indigenous Peoples.
• Legislative Amendment
  • Territorial Lands Act – Amend the Territorial Lands Act to protect and advance the national interests of Canada and the interests of Inuit in Nunavut.

Key Messages

• This government has reaffirmed that Crown-Indigenous Relations has an essential mandate to renew nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown and, government-to-government relationships between Canada and First Nations, Inuit and Métis.
• We are committed to sound financial management and long-term sustainability, and will implement spending reductions thoughtfully to align resources with core programs while continuing to modernize Government of Canada structures to support the self-determined priorities of Indigenous Peoples.

Current Status

• Work with Department of Finance to determine the funding split between Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern and Arctic Affairs is currently underway.
• Once the reductions are confirmed, the department will develop comprehensive implementation plans to guide the targeted measures.

Background

• Total reductions for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada represent 2% ($69.3 million) in expenditures, from its 2025-26 Main Estimates, in 2026-27 (ongoing).

Key Data Points

• In the Public Accounts of Canada, CIRNAC reported a lapse of $3.716 billion ($10.157 billion in 2023-24) in budgetary authorities from the total budgetary funding of $17.94 billion ($26.5 billion in 2023-24). This total Public Accounts lapse includes funding planned to be reprofiled into 2025-2026 and future years (called "planned lapses"). Note that funding identified for re-profile at year-end are still under consideration by central agencies for approval.
  • Much of this is due to the reprofiling of specific claims funds, relating to the speed at which research can be completed and successful negotiations can be achieved.
• CIRNAC will be reporting a decrease of $1.9 billion (increase of $4.8 billion in 2023–2024) for its share of contingent liabilities. This is due to settlements of $9.9 billion ($10.5 billion in 2023–2024) that were offset by contingent liability expenses for new and existing claims of $8.0 billion ($15.3 billion in 2023–2024). Until the tabling of the 2024-25 Public Accounts, we do not have visibility into how this contributes to the government's overall contingent liability balance or deficit this year.
• With the nature of its mandate, CIRNAC enters into a high volume of contractual obligations whereby it will be obligated to make future payments such as those committed to Modern Treaty and Self-Government partners and Comprehensive Land Claims. CIRNAC reported $22B in outstanding contractual obligations as of March 31, 2025.

Key Data Points

• The 2024-2025 Public Accounts demonstrate that public funds are used in a responsible manner to deliver on CIRNAC's mandate.
• CIRNAC continues to focus its efforts on making meaningful progress toward reconciliation and self-determination with and for First Nations, Inuit and Métis.
• Further, CIRNAC remains committed to advancing the Indigenous Childhood Claims settlements that focus on balancing compensation with investments in healing, wellness, education, language, culture and commemoration. This is demonstrated through the implementation of the Federal Indian Day, Day Scholars, Boarding Homes and Hospitals settlements. We will also continue efforts to address the Calls to Action to address the legacy of Indian Residential Schools.

Current Status

• The Public Accounts of Canada, including the Government of Canada's Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ending on March 31, 2025, were signed on September 9, 2025, and will be tabled in the House of Commons in the coming weeks.

Background

• Information on contingent liabilities is publicly disclosed at the consolidated government level in the Public Accounts of Canada. As such CIRNAC's portion of the liability will not be immediately visible. CIRNAC's financial statements will be published after the tabling of Public Accounts.
• In 2023-24, the Public Accounts, as well as the 2024 Fall Economic Statement, included the following statement:
  • "In 2024, the government recorded expenses totaling approximately $16.4 billion related to Indigenous contingent liabilities, in advancing its commitment to resolve past injustices and renew its relationship with Indigenous Peoples. In addition, the government recorded expenses totaling $4.7 billion related to COVID-19 pandemic expenses. Absent these expenses, the 2024 budgetary deficit would have been roughly $40.8 billion."
  • This brought a negative reaction from Indigenous communities and more focus on contingent liabilities and how claims could be managed.
  • The 2024-25 Public Accounts are not expected to include any such language with regards to claims or Indigenous contingent liabilities, however the question about how much CIRNAC contributed to the deficit as a results of contingent liabilities may be posed. In 2024-25, CIRNAC added $8.0 billion in contingent liability expenses for new and existing claims, a significant decrease from the $15.3 billion added to the deficit in 2023-2024.
• Contingent Liabilities and claim expenses background:
  • Our Government is honoring its lawful obligations and advancing reconciliation by working to resolve claims through negotiations where possible.
  • We believe that negotiation over litigation is the best way to right historical wrongs and settle past grievances.
  • In 2024-25, we have decreased CIRNAC's portion of the Government's Contingent Liability balance through the settlement of claims, including:
    • $7,061M in specific claims, including $5,369M related to Agricultural Benefit claims;
    • $1,655M for the Federal Indian Boarding Homes class action; and
    • $842M settlement of 4 special claims.
    • Due to the sensitive nature of ongoing negotiations of claims it is not be appropriate to provide details on particular claims.
• Contractual Obligations background:
  • $20B of CIRNAC's contractual obligations relate to ongoing Self-Government and Comprehensive Land Claim agreements made with First Nation communities, to progress towards self-determination, for which the obligation is perpetual in nature.
  • CIRNAC reports contractual obligations arising from those perpetual agreements over 10 years to better reflect the long-term nature and monetary commitments under those obligations.
• Lapse background:
  • Most funding lapses are due to the timing and progress of negotiations of claims and litigation. This is a normal occurrence that helps ensure the availability of funds in the year when settlements are reached and must be paid and helps support the resolution of litigation outside of the courts, whenever possible.
    • Vote 1 funding lapsed $1,676M mainly due to the Federal Indian Day School Settlement (McLean), and Federal Indian Boarding Homes (Percival), both of which are part of the reprofile request in 2025-26 currently seeking approval from central agencies.
    • Vote 10 funding lapsed $2,018M mainly due to Specific Claim Settlements, including Agricultural Benefits Settlements. These are included of the reprofile request in 2025-26 currently seeking approval from central agencies.

Key Messages

• The 2025-26 Supplementary Estimates (B) includes key initiatives and new funding totaling approximately $1.4 billion.
• Of these total Supplementary Estimates amounts, $1,384.6 million (99%) is for Crown-Indigenous Relations.
• These funds are important to ensure we can continue the concrete work to renew the relationships between Canada and First Nations, Inuit, and Métis and to support their visions of self-determination. Most of these funds will be used to settle claims and litigation.

Current Status

• The 2025-26 Supplementary Estimates (B) for all departments will be tabled in the House of Commons by the President of the Treasury Board in November 2025, and the Supply will be released December 2025.

Background

• Supplementary Estimates (B) will increase the department's 2025-26 total authorities to approximately $14.5 billion.
• These Supplementary Estimates include key initiatives and new funding totaling $1,385.5 million, including:
  • $1,098 million in funding for reprofiles;
  • $278.4 million in funding for new initiatives; and
  • $9.1 million in funding for transfers from other departments.
• For Crown-Indigenous Relations, the total Estimates amount of $1,384.6 million is comprised of:
  • $990.5 million in Vote 10 Grants and contributions, including:
    • $673.1 million in Grants funding (Vote 10 reprofiled from 2024-25 and 2026-27 fiscal years to 2025-26) to support the expedited resolution of agricultural benefits specific claims.
    • $108.4 million in Grants funding (Vote 10) for the Settlement of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation Rouge River Valley Tract Special Claim. This new funding will support the recognition and resolution of past injustices. In addition to addressing a longstanding historical grievance, this agreement is expected to generate lasting benefits for community members by supporting investment in the First Nation's socio-economic priorities.
    • $66.5 million in Grants and Contributions funding (Vote 10) to support the establishment of the National Council for Reconciliation as an independent organization advancing reconciliation in Canada; and
    • $61 million in Grants funding (Vote 10 reprofiled from 2024-25 fiscal year to 2025-26) to continue narrowing the housing and infrastructure gaps (including education infrastructure) in Indigenous communities by enabling flexible, self-determined delivery that meets the most urgent needs of their communities.
  • $394.1 million in Vote 1 Operating, including:
    • $270.6 million (reprofiled from 2024-25 fiscal year to 2025-26) to ensure that the costs associated with the Federal Indian Day Schools Settlement (McLean) can continue to be supported in 2025-26;
    • $49.4 million for the Île-à-la-Crosse (Gardiner and Chartier) settlement agreement. This new funding to provide individual compensation for former students for the experience of attending the institution and forward-looking investments in healing, wellness, and commemoration, while recognizing the harms suffered by former students; and
    • $29.2 million (reprofiled funding from 2024-25 fiscal to 2025-26) to Settle the Percival Litigation. This settlement will provide compensation to thousands of Indigenous children and youth who suffered cultural loss and abuse while placed in a boarding home.

Key Data Points

• As per the 2024-25 CIRNAC Departmental Results Framework (DRF), results were reported against 2 Core Responsibilities: Crown-Indigenous Relations; and Northern Affairs.
• All 27 indicators had identified targets against which they were assessed – results are as follows:
  • 52% of targets (14) were met or exceeded
  • 22% of targets (6) are on track (target date is in a future fiscal year)
  • 19% of targets (5) were not met (justifications are provided in the report)
  • 7% of results (2) were not available (data was unavailable at the time of the report)
• Of those indicators, 16 pertain to Crown-Indigenous Relations – results are as follows:
  • 56% of targets (9) were met or exceeded
  • 19% of targets (3) are on track (target date is in a future fiscal year)
  • 19% of targets (3) were not met (justifications are provided in the report)
  • 6% of results (1) were not available (data was unavailable at the time of the report)

Examples of targets met

• 69 specific claims resolved by the department (Target: 35)
• 64.8% of First Nations that assert jurisdiction over fiscal management (Target: 61.5%)
• 20.3% of First Nations that assert jurisdiction over land management (Target: 19.3%)
• 94 treaties, self-government agreements and other constructive arrangements that have been concluded (Target: 93)

Key Messages

• The report highlights activities undertaken by CIRNAC, in collaboration with partners, to advance the Government of Canada's commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples and to address the unique needs of Northerners.
• Crown-Indigenous Relations' mandate centers on building relationships–a process that takes time. Also highlighted is the fact that we are not alone on this journey and that the pathway must remain respectful of partner's capacity and objectives.
• While the 2024-25 results have been both positive and consistent, where targets were met more often than not, the report also integrates contextual information alongside quantitative data to provide a comprehensive and meaningful assessment of progress and lasting impacts.

Current Status

• CIRNAC's 2024-25 Departmental Results Report was submitted to the Treasury Board Secretariat on October 10, 2025.
• The tabling in parliament is expected over the coming weeks.

Background

Key Data Points

This year, funding in the amount of $3.38M for CIRNAC and $10.5M for ISC is allocated to support the redesign of the Additions to Reserve Policy. Since 2021, investments have supported:

• A total of 180 First Nation-led and Canada-led engagement activities, generating over 930 recommendations on how best to redesign the ATR Policy;
• The creation of a Technical Advisory Committee to provide technical advice and perspectives and support the development of policy options informed by recommendations from First Nation-led engagement activities;
• Nine interim changes to the ATR Policy to streamline its process while work continued on the comprehensive redesign of the ATR Policy;
• Capacity funding for Indigenous organizations providing ATR support to First Nations and technical support for 100 First Nations in different stages of the ATR process;
• The identification of the steps needed to transfer ATR service delivery from ISC to a First Nation-led organization; and
• Completion of 145 ATR proposals since 2022.

Key Messages

• Additions to Reserve for First Nations supports economic prosperity by returning lands to First Nations that they can use for infrastructure and economic development investments and initiatives.
• The Additions to Reserve Policy has long been criticized as outdated, rigid, and paternalistic. It does not reflect a government-to-government relationship with First Nations
• The current step-by-step approach creates multi-year delays. We are committed to finding ways to make the process quicker, in response to the feedback First Nations and First nation organizations have provided.
• Streamlining the ATR process requires shifting from a slow risk-averse approach to a system that empowers First Nations to get land back quickly and ensures departmental accountability.

Current Status

• CIRNAC is currently working with a Technical Advisory Committee to redesign the Additions to Reserve process. This work is directly informed by engagement with First Nations and First Nation organizations will include the development of guidance and implementation tools aimed to support accelerated addition of lands to reserve.
• Canada and First Nations partners are considering other initiatives to accelerate the return of land to First Nations like exploring land tenure, and launching pilot projects with First Nations to explore new methods of returning land back.
• Canada in collaboration with the First Nations Land Management Board (LAB) will identify the steps to setting up a First Nations ATR organization by assessing roles, responsibilities, capacity needs, and supporting systems for transferring ATR functions from Canada to a First Nation-led organization. This work will also review potential cost-saving opportunities by assessing whether an existing First Nation organization could take on additional ATR responsibilities.

Background

The Additions to Reserve (ATR) Policy has long been criticized as outdated, rigid, and paternalistic. It does not reflect a government-to-government relationship with First Nations or align with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Complex requirements, a phased approach, and the absence of service standards create delays and limit First Nations' ability to pursue development opportunities.

Budget 2021 allocated $10.77M over four years to CIRNAC to redesign the Additions to Reserve (ATR) Policy in collaboration with First Nations, and $32M over four years to ISC to accelerate the assessment of ATR proposals. Funding to continue policy work and support ISC operations was renewed for 2025–26 with $3.38M to CIRNAC and $10.5M to ISC.

ATR Success Stories

• Ch'íyáqtel (Tzeachten) First Nation completed an expedited ATR process in just 10 months—far shorter than the 7.5-year average for ATRs completed over the past five years—through a collaborative pilot project with ISC that simplified requirements and removed barriers (e.g third party interest where they signed a continuing interest agreement). They have worked closely with Canada to expedite the ATR process and relied on internal capacity to lead or coordinate many of the steps of the ATR process (surveys, title, internal approvals) rather than always relying on external federal steps.
• In 2024, a Certainty Order, issued by the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations, formally recognized all four lots as reserve lands for the Flying Dust First Nation. This case sets a precedent for using Certainty Orders to return lands treated as reserve or previously expropriated for specific uses without the formal reserve creation process.

From April 2023, to July 2024, CIRNAC participated in – or supported – 180 engagement activities to identify ways to make the ATR Policy more effective and efficient in supporting land expansion. These discussions involved 45 First Nations, 37 national First Nation organizations, 43 regional First Nation organizations, 9 provinces, and 7 federal departments and internal partners.

Once finalized, the redesigned ATR Policy is expected to create a faster mechanism to support land expansion, which will in turn better advance economic development and reconciliation. Faster access to land will enable First Nations to pursue development opportunities as they arise and strengthen local and neighboring economies. This is supported by a 2014 study by the First Nations Tax Commission where they found that six selected urban ATRs created 3,060 on-reserve jobs, 4,328 off-reserve jobs, approximately 600 seasonal positions, and over $1 billion in economic benefits, along with significant fiscal gains for First Nations and local governments.

Key Data Points

• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada has co-developed 13 consultation protocols and established five resource centres; approximately the majority, 80%, of the proposed projects of national interest currently overlap with the areas of consultation protocols and resource centres.
• The Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Information System contains information related to potential and established Aboriginal and treaty rights, consolidating consultation information pertinent to major projects such as location information and related details for existing consultation protocols and resource centres, from which 80% of Phase roman numeral 1I projects of national interest stand to benefit. In 2024-2025, there were 42,973 visits to the ATRIS application, with 24,368 visits in 2025-2026 thus far.
• Since 2023, the Consultation and Accommodation Unit of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada has undertaken two national engagement processes, one to inform the development of a Crown consultation coordinator, and the other to inform the renewal of the federal guidelines supporting a whole-of-government approach to consultation and accommodation. Through these two processes, we've heard from more than 675 Indigenous individuals representing First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities and organizations across Canada. These processes enabled participants to share their insights and perspectives on consultations and accommodations and the federal duty to consult, and offer considerations for improvements, particularly with respect to consultation capacity and coordination. These processes have served to ensure that Indigenous needs and perspectives are used to inform federal policy advice regarding consultation and accommodation, and that Indigenous voices are meaningfully reflected within the new guidelines, anticipated in 2026.

Key Messages

• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada plays a key role in supporting federal departments in meeting their duty to consult obligations, including for projects of national interest under the Building Canada Act.
• Starting in 2025-26, Canada will invest $10.1 million over three years for the Federal Initiative on Consultation to support the meaningful participation of Indigenous rightsholders in consultation processes throughout the review cycle of projects under the Building Canada Act through consultation resource centres and protocols.
  • We support efficient and predictable consultation processes through 13 consultation protocols, representing 51 First Nations and 14 Métis communities, and five resource centres, servicing 54 First Nations and 25 Métis communities.
• Work is also underway to renew the federal consultation and accommodation guidelines to better support federal officials in upholding the duty to consult for federal activities potentially impacting Section 35 rights. The new guidelines are informed by an ongoing national engagement process with First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples, and will be published in the Summer of 2026.
• We provide a single window for the coordination of strategic advice and guidance and have supported federal officials in over 50% of major projects under the Impact Assessment Act and over 75% of major projects undergoing Northern environmental assessments in the last year.
  • Our Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Information System (ATRIS) supports the early identification of potentially impacted Indigenous groups, including their potential or established Aboriginal or treaty rights distinguished in the system via separate categories and descriptions. For example, ATRIS distinguishes between potential and established rights through the use of distinct categories (e.g. "Claims and Assertions" vs. "Treaties and Agreements") as well as descriptions at the top of each record. The department is also taking steps to enhance clarity by adding a note to relevant profiles indicating where Section 35 rights are currently not established.
  • In 2024-2025, there were 42,973 visits to the ATRIS application, with 24,268 visits in 2025-2026 thus far.

Current Status

• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada continues to provide advice and support to the Major Projects Office in its ongoing work implementing the Building Canada Act.
• This includes supporting logistics for three distinctions-based Major Projects Summits with First Nation, Inuit and Métis leadership, followed by eight virtual regional engagement sessions with First Nation leaders.
• To enable meaningful Indigenous participation in consultation processes, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is working to ensure capacity supports are available, particularly in areas where projects have been identified as a project of national interest.
• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is currently engaging with Indigenous Peoples across Canada on the renewal of the federal consultation and accommodation guidelines. The guidelines outline the overarching whole-of-government approach for Canada to meet its consultation and accommodation obligations where Section 35 rights may be impacted as a result of a government decision.

Background

• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada provides expertise to federal departments on the legal duty to consult and accommodate, as well as key information regarding Canada's relationship with Indigenous partners during impact and environmental assessment and regulatory decision-making throughout Canada. Through advice, guidance, and training, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada supports designated major projects under the Impact Assessment Act as well as major projects undergoing Northern environmental assessments in 2024-2025.
• The Building Canada Act allows the Government of Canada to designate a major project in the national interest, based on consultation with provinces, territories, and Indigenous Peoples. The government is committed to respecting its duty to consult pursuant to Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, by consulting with Indigenous rights-holders before a project moves forward for consideration by Governor in Council. These consultations will occur with the aim of securing the free, prior, and informed consent of Indigenous rights-holders.
• The Major Projects Office provides a single point of contact, and leadership, on major projects. This includes partnering with federal departments, provinces, territories, Indigenous Peoples and private-sector participants.
• An Indigenous Advisory Council will support the Major Projects Office by ensuring that partnership and Indigenous economic participation are embedded in all major projects in Canada, including through the provision of expert advice on policy, operational practices, and process improvements related to the inclusion of Indigenous perspectives on and interests in major projects and regulatory processes.
• In response to the Prime Minister's commitment at the July First Nation Summit, eight First Nation regional engagement sessions will be held from October 24 to December 8, 2025, to further discuss the implementation of the Building Canada Act, the role of the Major Projects Office and the Indigenous Advisory Council, and the consultation process. These include British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Atlantic, Quebec, and Northern First Nations, and Modern Treaty and Self-Government Agreement Holders.

Key Data Points

• There are currently 385 First Nations scheduled to the First Nations Fiscal Management Act.
• The First Nations Finance Authority has provided close to $4 billion in financing to 104 First Nations for infrastructure and economic development, including supporting First Nations equity stake in Clearwater Seafoods and Cedar LNG.

Key Messages

• The Government of Canada continues to support Indigenous communities by developing new tools to enable their economic prosperity within a strong Canadian economy.
• The enhancements to the First Nations Fiscal Management Act in the Budget Implementation Act will support our efforts to build Canada strong in true partnership with Indigenous communities.

Current Status

• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is amending  the First Nations Fiscal Management Act to enable Indigenous owned Special Purpose Vehicles to become borrowing members and borrow from the First Nations Finance Authority if they have a loan guarantee from Canada or a province.

Background

• Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is amending the First Nations Fiscal Management Act to enable Indigenous owned corporations or limited partnerships, known as Special Purpose Vehicles, to access financing from the First Nations Finance Authority provided that the Special Purpose Vehicle has a loan guarantee from the federal or a provincial government.
• These amendments will support Indigenous groups to come together to finance their participation in a major resource projects, supporting their economic prosperity and building a stronger Canadian economy.
• The proposed amendments to the Act would specifically allow a Special Purpose Vehicle to participate in the Act, apply to become a borrowing member of the First Nations Finance Authority (s. 76) and apply for a loan (s. 79 (2)).
• In order to be qualified for a loan, the Special Purpose Vehicles must be wholly owned by an Indian Act Band or any Indigenous groups party to Modern Treaty, Self-Government or Land Claim Agreement.
• The Special Purpose Vehicle would not have to undertake financial certification under the Act (s. 50), they are noteligible to be elected to the Board of the First Nations Finance Authority (s. 61) and are not subject to intervention by the First Nations Financial Management Board.

Key Data Points

• There are currently 27 Modern Treaties in effect, covering over 40% of Canada's landmass including 80% of the North and forming the basis of Canada's relationships with 30 Indigenous Modern Treaty Partners.
• Implementing Modern Treaties is a whole-of-government responsibility, with over 9,089 Modern Treaty obligations across more than 30 federal departments and agencies.
• Evidence shows Modern Treaties are delivering real socio-economic results.
  • Studies have found that First Nations with modern treaties have 17% higher per-capita incomes and twice the rate of improvement in community well-being compared to non-treaty or Indian Act communities.
  • In Yukon, First Nations with Final Agreements saw household incomes rise by 62% – outpacing those without agreements.
• Examples of Indigenous Modern Treaty partners leading or partnering on major economic initiatives include:
  • Air Inuit is wholly owned by Nunavik Inuit through their economic development arm, Makivik Corporation.
  • Whitecap Dakota First Nation owns and is currently expanding the Dakota Dunes Resort, Casino and Golf Course. The expansion, which will include the construction of a spa complex, is expected to generate significant activity in construction and, once completed, tourism for the region at large.

Key Messages

• Modern Treaties and associated self-government arrangements support national priorities like trade, Arctic sovereignty, and resource development, as well as Indigenous-led economic development by:
  • Providing legal and regulatory stability for investors
  • Enabling greater Indigenous decision-making in economic sectors
  • Building economic capacity and participation
• These agreements are signed with the Crown as a whole making their implementation a whole-of-government responsibility. While steps have been taken to improve implementation across federal departments, including through the Cabinet Directive on the Federal Approach to Modern Treaty Implementation and Canada's Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy, challenges remain and more needs to be done.
• The Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation was co-developed with Indigenous Modern Treaty partners to address issues unique to Modern Treaty implementation. Bill C-10, An Act respecting the Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation, delivers on a specific policy commitment made jointly by Canada and Indigenous Modern Treaty partners to strengthen accountability for these constitutionally protected agreements.
• The Commissioner's scope would, therefore, be focused on Modern Treaties and their related agreements, such as associated self-government agreements, implementation plans, and fiscal arrangements.
• Historic Treaties are supported through distinct institutional and policy mechanisms – including Treaty Relations Commissions in Saskatchewan and Manitoba – which promote public education, mediation, and dialogue between First Nations and the Crown on treaty implementation issues.
• Additionally, to ensure Provincial and Territorial jurisdiction is respected, the Commissioner would focus on federal implementation activities. Provinces and Territories remain responsible for implementing their own commitments and do not fall under the Commissioner's purview.
• If Bill C-10 is passed by Parliament, the Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation will provide independent oversight and ensure that Parliament is kept informed of the Government's implementation activities. This will help us learn from the mistakes of the past and create a strong foundation for our ongoing work with Indigenous Modern Treaty partners to build a stronger, more prosperous Canada.

Current Status

• Legislation to establish the Commissioner was introduced in Parliament on September 25, 2025, and is currently at second reading in the House of Commons.
• Should the legislation receive Royal Assent, the next step will be the appointment of the inaugural Commissioner and the standing-up of the Office.

Background

• The Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation is a proposed Agent of Parliament co-developed in 2023 with all Indigenous Modern Treaty partners to provide independent, expert oversight of federal Modern Treaty Implementation.
• It fulfills a commitment made in Canada's Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy (2023) and responds to 20 years of Modern Treaty partner advocacy for such a body.
• Legislation was initially introduced in October 2024 as Bill C-77, An Act Respecting the Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation. However it died on the Order Paper with the prorogation of Parliament on January 6, 2025 and was reintroduced, in its original form and with the same title, as Bill C-10 on September 25, 2025.
• Budget 2024 provided $10.6 million over four years to stand up the Commissioner's Office and support its initial operations. This amount is intended as startup funding.

Key Data Points

• Who is covered: The Collaborative Fiscal Policy Process involves 29 self-governing Indigenous Governments, representing 39 communities and more than 40,000 people.
• 5 Modern Treaty Holders without Self-Government (M5) participate on related lands management issues.
• Modern Treaty agreements address 40% of Canada's total land mass.
• Concrete impacts of investments
  • Tla'amin built a new Child Development Resource Centre in 2021, expanding childcare capacity by 75 spaces,
  • Champagne and Aishihik built 64 new homes, nearly doubling community housing since 2018,
  • Délı̨nę Government built a new preschool/daycare and modular homes in 2021, using gap-closing funds,
• Funding increases to date:
  • Through the Collaborative Fiscal Process, Canada and self-governing Indigenous Governments co-developed:
    • the governance and administration expenditure need methodology which resulted in a 118% increase in governance funding;
    • the Stage 1 lifecycle infrastructure methodology which resulted in a 154% increase in infrastructure funding; and
    • an interim approach for lands and resources funding,
  • In addition, since 2018 the federal government has committed approximately $689 million in time-limited funding to support self-governing Indigenous Governments in addressing socio-economic, infrastructure, and housing gaps.

Key Messages

• Canada's Collaborative Self-Government Fiscal Policy addresses the fiscal relationship between Canada and self-governing Indigenous Governments and focuses on the actual expenditure needs of self-governments, rather than linking funding to previous levels under the Indian Act.
• The Collaborative Fiscal Process serves as a model for transparent and constructive collaboration and contributes to advancing reconciliation and Indigenous self-determination through fiscal arrangements.
• The collaborative approach to fiscal policy development has allowed a greater understanding, a higher level of trust and stronger partnership between Canada and self-governing Indigenous Governments. Additionally, it has facilitated communication between Indigenous Governments, allowing them to build relationships amongst themselves and approach Canada with common policy interests.
• In 2023-24, fiscal transfer payments of over $2 billion were made to Indigenous signatories in support of their governance and program responsibilities supported under the new policy framework.
• The Collaborative Fiscal Policy Process also includes a shared focus on working towards closing socio-economic and wellness gaps. Tailored initiatives continue with on-going evaluation and reporting to assess progress.

Current Status

• As of September 2025, Canada has re-engaged with partners at the Collaborative Fiscal table to:
  • Conduct review of Canada's Collaborative Self-Government Fiscal Policy & governance methodology;
  • Continue work on social well-being and data indicators; and
  • Hold exploratory fiscal discussions on housing and economic development.

Background

• Prior to 2015, fiscal relationships between Canada and Indigenous governments were based on the fiscal chapter in each treaty or self-government agreement, with no national frameworks in place. Fiscal mandates were not very transparent or consistent, resulting in protracted negotiation processes and varied funding levels.
• Self-governing Indigenous Governments carry broader responsibilities than Indian Act bands and require stable, long-term, predictable funding to fulfill Treaty and self-government responsibilities.
• From 2016 to 2019, Canada and representatives from 25 self-governing Indigenous Governments worked together to co-develop Canada's Collaborative Self-Government Fiscal Policy.
• In 2019, the first co-developed expenditure need model for Governance and Administration was applied to 25 fiscal agreements at once, marking the first time agreements were renewed in parallel using a shared methodology.
• In 2022, a lifecycle funding approach for existing assets was adopted by Indigenous Governments. The approach, which funds a capital reserve over time, as opposed to being proposal-based, results in Indigenous governments having greater flexibility and the ability to better plan capital management activities over a longer time period.

Key Data Points

• In December 2024, the Haida Nation (Haida) and Canada signed the Chiix̲uujin / Chaaw K̲aawga "Big Tide (Low Water)" Haida Title Lands Agreement (the Agreement), bringing a key aspect of active litigation against Canada to a negotiated resolution.
• The Agreement protects fee simple (private property) interests and complements the Gaayhllxid / Gíihlagalgang "Rising Tide" Haida Title Lands Agreement between Haida and British Columbia that was signed in April 2024.
• In November 2024, during a Special House of Assembly, Haida citizens voted 97% in favour to approve the Agreement.
• In February 2025, over 350 community members gathered in Skidegate, Haida Gwaii to celebrate the public announcement of the Agreement.

Key Messages

• The Government of Canada has recognized Aboriginal title for the first time through a negotiated agreement, the Chiix̲uujin [Chee-Whoo-Gin] / Chaaw K̲aawga [Cha-Kow-Gaa] "Big Tide (Low Water)" Haida Title Lands Agreement.
• The Agreement recognizes Haida Aboriginal title to the terrestrial area of Haida Gwaii, out to the low-water mark, while protecting fee simple (private property) interests, ensuring continued access to and use of lands for federal purposes, and preserving the delivery of federal public services for all residents.
• This is an example of how parties can negotiate to work through potential conflicts as they address Aboriginal title claims, rather than litigation which can result in greater uncertainty.

Current Status

• Canada is advancing work to bring the Agreement into effect through federal implementing legislation.
• On September 5, 2025, with the support of Haida, Canada, and British Columbia, the BC Supreme Court declared that the Haida Nation has Aboriginal title to the land of Haida Gwaii, out to the low-water mark, consistent with the terms of both the Agreement and the Gaayhllxid / Gíihlagalgang "Rising Tide" Haida Title Lands Agreement between Haida and British Columbia.
• The effects of the Court's declaration are suspended for 24 months with respect to identified federal interests to give Canada sufficient time to introduce and pass implementing legislation.

Background

• Haida Gwaii is located approximately 100 kilometres west of the northern coast of mainland British Columbia. It is a group of over 200 islands totalling approximately one million hectares.
• The Haida Nation's claims to Aboriginal title and rights in Haida Gwaii were first accepted for negotiation by Canada in 1986.
• In 2002, Haida initiated legal action against Canada and British Columbia, seeking a declaration of Aboriginal title and rights to the entirety of the Haida Gwaii archipelago, as well as to submerged lands (the seabed) and marine areas, the water column and surmounting airspace, and areas within Canada's Exclusive Economic Zone.
• In 2021, Canada, Haida, and British Columbia signed the GayG̲ahlda / Kwah.hlahl.dáyaa "Changing Tide" Framework for Reconciliation, setting out an incremental approach to negotiating reconciliation agreements.
• In 2023, Canada, Haida, and British Columbia signed the Nang K̲'uula / Nang K̲'úulaas Recognition Agreement to recognize the Haida Nation as the holder of inherent rights of governance and self-determination, and the Council of the Haida Nation as the governing body of the Haida Nation.
• In April 2024, Haida and British Columbia signed the Gaayhllxid / Gíihlagalgang "Rising Tide" Haida Title Lands Agreement that provided provincial recognition of Haida Aboriginal title on Haida Gwaii, including submerged lands (the seabed) extending up to 14 nautical miles from the low-water mark. The Gaayhllxid / Gíihlagalgang "Rising Tide" Haida Title Lands Agreement was brought into effect in July 2024 through provincial implementing legislation.
• From May to November 2024, Haida and Canada undertook negotiations to collaboratively develop the Chiix̲uujin / Chaaw K̲aawga "Big Tide (Low Water)" Haida Title Lands Agreement.
• On November 7, 2024, Bill S-16, An Act respecting the recognition of the Haida Nation and the Council of the Haida Nation, received royal assent.

Key Data Points

• CIRNAC provides funding to the Manitoba Métis Federation under various time limited federal programs, such as the Métis Housing strategy, Indigenous Early Learning and Child Care, and, Urban, Rural and Northern Indigenous Housing.
• The funding has resulted in positive impacts such as:
  • the creation of approximately 650 new housing units;
  • the establishment of the Louis Riel Child Care Centre servicing 40 children and the Little Infinity Child Care center offering 55 spaces; and
  • the Michif Manor, which provides cultural wrap-around services to families receiving medical care in Winnipeg.

Key Messages

• Advancing self-government with the Manitoba Métis Federation (MMF) supports Canada's broader reconciliation and economic development objectives, including with respect to major resource and infrastructure projects.
• The recognition of the MMF as an Indigenous government supports the development of a government-to-government relationship that can facilitate more structured and coordinated engagement on project reviews, regulatory processes, and long-term economic opportunities.
• Individuals have a choice as to which Métis government represents them. To become a Red River Métis citizen, an individual must apply.
• The Treaty establishes that those who self-identify as Red River Métis, can show a "demonstrable connection" to the historic Red River Métis community, and have also been "accepted" by the contemporary Red River Métis community are eligible and can apply for Red River Red River Métis citizenship in accordance with their Laws.
• Canada is developing an Additions to Reserve Consultation and Accommodation Protocol with the MMF to support a coordinated approach to advancing Additions to Reserve matters in the province of Manitoba.

Current Status

• These funds will continue to flow through existing mechanisms.
• Following the signing of the Red River Métis Self-Government Recognition and Implementation Treaty (November 30, 2024), the next step is to introduce implementing legislation to give the Treaty force and effect.

Background

• On November 30, 2024, Canada and the MMF signed the Red River Métis Self-Government Recognition and Implementation Treaty. It recognizes the Manitoba Métis Federation as the Indigenous government mandated to represent the Red River Métis in respect of their section 35 right to self-government and recognizes its jurisdiction and authority over internal governance matters. The Treaty does not address harvesting, resources or land-related matters.
• As acknowledged in the Treaty, the Red River Métis are one of a number of Métis collectivities whose rights are recognized under section 35(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982.
• Red River Métis Laws made pursuant to the Treaty will only apply to individuals who have chosen to register as Red River Métis citizens.

Key Data Points

• 26 boards established or required by Modern Treaties in Canada have remuneration rates set by either the Minister of Crown Indigenous Relations or Northern and Arctic Affairs, and are funded by CIRNAC.
• In 2024-25, CIRNAC obtained approval for $2.7 million per year ongoing in new funding to support increased remuneration rates for members of these boards. This funding is subject to annual adjustments for price.
• Beginning in 2025-26, these boards are eligible to apply for funding to support increased remuneration rates to board members.
• This increase will impact approximately 180 seats, of which 151 are currently filled across twenty-six boards. These boards are functional elements of 18 of Modern Treaties across the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Quebec. Increases are anticipated to support board members by providing a salary commensurate with their expertise,  and encourage the filling of vacant positions by offering competitive compensation.

Key Messages

• Ministers of CIRNAC have recently increased the remuneration rates for members of the 26 Modern Treaty boards under CIRNAC's responsibility. Prior to this, most of these boards had not seen a remuneration rate increase since the early 2000s. Updated rates reflect the skills required to manage complex governance responsibilities, and should improve the recruitment and retention of qualified members.
• The function of co-management boards is essential to resource management across the North. For example, the Environmental Impact Screening Committee, established by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, conducts environmental screening of development activities proposed for both the onshore and offshore areas of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. The Nunavik Marine Region Planning Commission, established under the Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement, is mandated to develop, implement and monitor a Nunavik Marine Region Marine Use Plan and to review all project proposals for the Nunavik Marine Region. These are only two examples of the work carried out by the 26 Boards for which the Minister of Crown Indigenous Relations and the Minister Northern and Arctic Affairs have the authority to set remuneration rates.
• Board members bring a wide range of expertise. Some are experts in regulatory affairs, environmental scientists, marine biologists, Indigenous knowledge keepers, mediators, lawyers, and other skilled professionals. By increasing remuneration rates, CIRNAC is recognizing the value of board members and the crucial skill set they bring to the co-management regime in the North. Boards are foundational components of Modern Treaties; by increasing remuneration rates, CIRNAC is working towards Modern Treaty implementation aligned with goals of reconciliation.

Current Status

• As of September 25, 2025, the Boards were provided with a letter from their designated Minister, informing them that increased rates were available. Each Board has its own funding agreement with CIRNAC and beginning in fiscal year 2025-26, most of them are eligible to apply for funding to support the increased remuneration rates, with funds anticipated to be released in November 2025. For some boards, continued discussions are required prior to applying the increase, since the process to set their remuneration rates involves a province or territory.

Background

• Some Modern Treaties, mainly in the North, established co-management boards to oversee land, wildlife, and resource management. These boards were created to uphold treaty rights and incorporate Indigenous knowledge into governance. They ensure Indigenous participation in decision-making.
• CIRNAC retained Deloitte Canada in fall 2023 to review remuneration rates and to recommend a new methodology for board member remuneration. Deloitte's recommendations were developed through their analysis of previously gathered information and through workshops and interviews with board executive directors, modern treaty stakeholders, other Government departments, and CIRNAC personnel.
• The 26 boards include regulatory and non-regulatory boards. Regulatory boards review applications, conduct public hearings and other participatory processes, which may include making recommendations for the required licenses, permits and authorizations related to land-use planning, land and water use and impact assessment. Non-regulatory boards generally do not support these functions.
• The daily remuneration rates were benchmarked to comparable executive positions' salary packages in provincial or territorial governments. Rates for members include daily base remuneration rate and a daily isolated post allowance, where applicable.

Key Data Points

• CIRNAC leads on the implementation of 44 of the 181 Action Plan Measures within the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDA) Action Plan; this includes 15 Shared Priorities, five First Nations Priorities, six Inuit Priorities, seven Métis Priorities, and 11 Modern Treaty Partner Priorities.
• Since the launch of the UNDA Action Plan in June 2023, CIRNAC has completed three Action Plan Measures and is on track to complete four more in 2025-26 (listed under Current Status below)–demonstrating tangible progress in advancing Indigenous rights, governance, and self-determination.
• Based on 2024-25 Annual Report data (August 2025), nine (15%) of CIRNAC's measures are fully funded, 29 (48%) are partially funded, 15 (25%) are unfunded, and seven (12%) require no funding.

Key Messages

• CIRNAC continues to advance implementation of the UNDA, with tangible results through co-developed legislation, policies, and funding frameworks that advance reconciliation.
• Collaboration with Indigenous partners remains central – including through the operationalization of the Cabinet Directive on the Implementation of the Inuit Nunangat Policy (Shared Priority 67) and the renewal of Consultation and Accommodation Guidelines (Shared Priority 68).
• These efforts are translating commitments into measurable results that strengthen Indigenous governance, advance self-determination, and improve community well-being across Canada.

Current Status

• CIRNAC continues to advance implementation of its 44 Action Plan Measures in collaboration with Indigenous partners and partner departments and will continue to transparently report on progress, funding status, and barriers to implementation in the UNDA Annual Report. The most recent Annual Report was tabled in Parliament in August 2025.
• Completed Measures Reported in 2024-25
  • Modern Treaty Priority 1L: Enhanced Modern Treaty partner participation in federal decision-making, improving collaboration on legislation, policy, and program development.
  • Modern Treaty Priority 8: Co-developed a new fiscal policy framework supporting sustainable and collaborative funding arrangements for self-governing Indigenous governments.
  • Shared Priority 86: Increased food sovereignty through long-term and flexible funding to strengthen access to traditional foods and local food systems (e.g., Harvesters Support Grant, Community Food Programs Fund).
• Measures Reported as On Track for Completion in 2025–26
  • Shared Priority 104 (TRC Call to Action 66): Pilot project with Indigenous Youth Roots reaching 1.2 million youth and distributing over $9 million to 1,400+ youth-led initiatives; scheduled to conclude in 2025-26.
  • Métis Priority 1: Federal legislation to formally recognize Métis governments to be introduced to Parliament, strengthening Métis self-government.
  • Shared Priority 46: Co-development of the Indigenous Climate Leadership Agenda completed in 2024-25;  follow-up expected in 2025–26 (This is a co-lead with ECCC).
  • Modern Treaty Priority 9: An Act respecting the Commissioner for Modern Treaty Implementation progressing in Parliament to establish an independent oversight mechanism.
• Highlights of Ongoing Implementation Progress
  • Shared Priority 67: Cabinet Directive on the Implementation of the Inuit Nunangat Policy operationalized in 2024-25, embedding Inuit co-development principles and consideration to implications for Inuit Nunangat in policy and program development across departments.
  • Shared Priority 68: Phase 2 of the Consultation and Accommodation Guidelines Renewal underway; regional sessions conclude December 2025 with new guidelines expected August 2026.
  • Shared Priorities 69 and 70: Continued support for Indigenous Women's and 2SLGBTQI+ organizations, with $7.4 million invested in 33 projects in 2024-25, including initiatives led by the Esquao Institute and 2 Spirits in Motion Society.

Background

• The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDA) commits the Government of Canada to align federal laws and policies with the UN Declaration in consultation and collaboration with Indigenous Peoples and to reporting annually on progress.
• Justice Canada is the overall Government of Canada lead on the implementation of the UNDA. CIRNAC leads the largest portfolio of federal Action Plan Measures – 44 in total – spanning self-determination, governance, and fiscal relations.
• CIRNAC remains committed to working with Justice Canada and Indigenous partners to maintain transparency, prioritize measures for advancement, and ensure progress toward reconciliation and the full realization of Indigenous rights in Canada.

Key Data Points

• Of the 231 Calls for Justice: 29 call upon the federal government exclusively; 186 call upon the federal, provincial, and territorial governments collectively; six call upon provincial and territorial governments exclusively; and 10 call upon non-government actors.
• According to data from Statistics Canada, between 2009 and 2021, Indigenous women and girls were victims of homicide at a rate that was six times higher than non-Indigenous women and girls, and are 12 times more likely to be murdered or go missing than non-Indigenous women in Canada.

Key Messages

• As of June 3, 2025, of the 215 Calls for Justice that speak to the federal government in some capacity, the federal government reports 136 (63%) Calls for Justice as actioned with work in progress, two Calls for Justice as completed, and 82 Calls for Justice as action pending.
• CIRNAC continues to advance work related to Calls for Justice 1.7 (National Indigenous and Human Rights Ombudsperson) and 1.10 (independent mechanism to report on the implementation of the Calls for Justice), human trafficking, and the Red Dress Alert.
• To address this national crisis, a holistic approach of action and collaboration across all levels of government, with Indigenous partners, grassroots organizations, and many other partners is being taken. This collective approach is essential to addressing the persistent and deliberate human and Indigenous rights violations and abuses that are the root causes behind Canada's staggering rates of violence against Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQIA+ people.

Current Status

• On June 3, 2025, Giganawenimaanaanig released an interim report on the development of the Red Dress Alert pilot project. A final report is expected in November 2025, which will inform next steps.
• Since the appointment of the Chief Advisor to Combat Human Trafficking in January 2025, CIRNAC, in collaboration with Public Safety, continues to support the Chief Advisor's engagement with Indigenous partners.
• Planning for the 2026 National Indigenous-Federal-Provincial-Territorial Meeting on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and 2SLGBTQI+ People is underway; this event will take place in February 2026 in hybrid format in Ottawa.
• The Government of Canada continues to review the final reports on Calls for Justice 1.7 and 1.10 to ensure the approach to implementation of both Calls is effective and contributes to the existing accountability and oversight landscape, while ensuring the specific needs of Indigenous peoples are met.

Background

• On June 3rd 2019, the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls released its final report "Reclaiming Power and Place" that documents the systemic and interconnected causes of the violence that Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQI+ people experience. Alongside its report, the National Inquiry outlined the path forward to redress this violence through 231 Calls for Justice.  The National Inquiry's Calls for Justice are aimed at both government and non-government actors and are wide-ranging, including calls for both long-term systemic changes and short-term immediate actions.
• The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQI+ People Secretariat (MMIWG2S+ Secretariat) coordinated the co-development of the National Action Plan: Ending Violence Against Indigenous Women, Girls and 2SLGBTQQIA People (National Action Plan) with families and survivors, the federal, provincial, territorial and Indigenous governments, and Indigenous organizations and communities. This work was completed in 2021.
• The federal component of the National Action Plan is the Federal Pathway to Address Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People (Federal Pathway). A Federal Pathway Annual Progress Report is published every year on June 3rd to commemorate the anniversary of the 2019 release of the National Inquiry's final report. The Annual Progress Report details progress made on initiatives under the federal pathway along with federal efforts that respond to the Calls for Justice. In January 2025, the federal government launched the Calls for Justice Reporting tool which compliments the annual progress report by enabling Canadians to easily navigate federal efforts to advance the Calls for Justice.
• Many broader actions also look to address the socio-economic root causes that increase the vulnerability of Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people to violence by improving access to education, health and wellbeing services for Indigenous people; supporting the improvement of infrastructure; and supporting Indigenous entrepreneurs and economies. Implementation of these actions continues to be monitored and reported on against the Calls for Justice to track our progress.

Key Data Points

• Budget 2025 outlines plans to support housing development through the Build Canada Homes agency, which includes partnering with the Nunavut Housing Corporation to build over 700 public, affordable and supportive housing units.
• The budget further confirmed previously announced $2.8 billion for urban, rural, and northern Indigenous housing.
• The government will also increase the Canada Infrastructure Bank's target for investments in Indigenous infrastructure that benefit First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities from at least $1 billion to at least $3 billion.
• Canada has provided Indigenous partners with approximately $5.1 billion between 2016-2024 to support housing and infrastructure needs. With these funds:
  • Inuit have constructed 640 new housing units and repaired 580 existing units; constructed and improved community infrastructure such as sportsplexes, carpentry and repair shops, and multi-purpose and youth centres.
  • Métis governments have helped with the construction or purchase of 1,865 houses; provided downpayment assistance to 2,118 households; renovated 6,524 houses; and provided rent supplements to 10,933 families. They have further addressed infrastructure needs in areas such as domestic shelters, childcare centres, senior complexes.
  • Modern Treaty Self Governing (MTSG) First Nations have constructed 689 new housing units, and repaired 162 units. For example, Uchucklesaht Tribe Government, a Modern Treaty First Nation, was able to rebuild their traditional village of Ethlateese and replace all previously condemned housing with 14 new homes and supportive infrastructure using funds from previous federal Budget initiatives.

Key Messages

• Canada is working together with First Nations, Inuit, Métis, MTSG First Nations, Indigenous northern partners and territorial governments to support self-determined approaches to increase and improve housing and community infrastructure, which can lead to the creation of jobs and builds healthier, safer and more prosperous communities in the long-term.
• Indigenous partners are building new homes to reduce overcrowding and homelessness, repairing existing stock, augmenting housing supports and programming, and building and improving community infrastructure based on community driven priorities.
• In addition to the delivery of direct funding, support for housing and infrastructure in Indigenous and northern communities is also available through national programs and through provincial and territorial programs and initiatives.
• Build Canada Homes will complement direct funding delivery by CIRNAC to accelerate progress to close housing gaps and improve sustainability and prosperity in Indigenous and northern communities. 
• Through the Major Projects Office, the Government of Canada intends to accelerate transformative infrastructure projects for Canada to enhance growth, security, diversification of markets and reconciliation.

Current Status

• Delivery of direct, distinctions-based funding by CIRNAC to Indigenous partners for housing and infrastructure continues through a number of initiatives (with funding identified up to 2030-31).
• Projects underway range from new home construction and major repairs to energy retrofits and land development, reflecting locally determined priorities and self-determined approaches.
• Implementation of the co-developed Inuit Nunangat Housing Strategy, that guides joint housing work with Inuit partners, continues through the Inuit-Crown Partnership Committee.
• Exploratory discussions are underway with MTSG First Nations through the Collaborative Fiscal Policy Development Process to support public housing expenditure needs through their fiscal arrangements.
• CIRNAC continues to collaborate closely with federal partners to support the establishment of Build Canada Homes, launched in September 2025, to identify opportunities for Indigenous communities to benefit from the agency's investments.
• CIRNAC is working with Build Canada Homes to ensure its non-market housing programming – focused on using public lands and innovative construction methods – are designed and delivered in ways that complement and strengthen existing housing funding for Indigenous and northern communities.

Background

• Indigenous People continue to face among the worst housing and infrastructure outcomes of any population in Canada due in part to historical underfunding, higher costs, and logistical and climate conditions.
• Infrastructure deficits such as inadequate transportation, connectivity, energy, and water and wastewater infrastructure continue to limit development, significantly impact the cost of living, and generally contribute to poor socio-economic and health outcomes.
• Indigenous and northern communities face persistent housing and infrastructure challenges and an extreme cost of living that are deeply influenced by supply chain and transportation constraints. Many of these communities are accessible only by air or seasonal roads, which significantly limit the movement of goods, services and people, including skilled labour.
• Geographic isolation, harsh climates and inadequate infrastructure significantly drive up transportation costs and lengthen project delivery timelines in already short construction seasons. Compounding this is the limited local availability of resources and skilled labour that adds to already extremely high costs and contributes to more rapid deterioration of housing and infrastructure.
• Distinctions-based housing and infrastructure funding supports Indigenous self-determination built on the principle of "for Indigenous, by Indigenous". Recent federal investments include:
  • 2021 – investments to support critical infrastructure through the $4.3 billion Indigenous Community Infrastructure Fund. Funding for this four year program sunset on March 31, 2025.
  • 2022 – $1.6 billion over seven years for housing. This funding is helping Indigenous partners to further address the critical needs in their communities to improve housing adequacy and affordability.
  • 2024 – $918 million for Indigenous Housing and Community Infrastructure to accelerate work to narrow gaps in First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities
• In 2023, $4 billion were invested (over seven years from 2024-25 to 2030-31) to support an Urban, Rural, and Northern (URN) Indigenous Housing Strategy.
  • ISC and CIRNAC are responsible for the distribution of 30% of this funding (approximately $1.18 billion) to distinctions-based partners, i.e., First Nations, Inuit, Métis, MTSG First Nations, and Northern Indigenous organizations.
• The Government of Canada also delivered $200 million to territorial governments to help address housing and infrastructure needs and ensure that Indigenous and non-Indigenous northerners have access to safe, sustainable and affordable housing.

Key Data Points

• Since the Specific Claims process began in 1973 to September 30, 2025, 784 claims, totaling more than $23.7 billion in compensation to First Nations, have been resolved, of which 5 were resolved at the Specific Claims Tribunal for $169 million.
• An average of 45 claims per year have been settled over the last five years, up from an average of 28 claims per year in the previous five years.
• As of September 30, 2025, there were 781 claims in the Specific Claims inventory, of these 55 were agricultural benefits claims.
• There are 128 agricultural benefit claims in total from Treaties 4, 5, 6, and 10. And 77 claims (or 63%) remain to be settled.
• To date there have been 56 agricultural benefits claims settlements with First Nations from Treaties 4, 5, 6 and 10 for $7.3 billion in compensation.

Key Messages

• Specific claims are grievances that First Nations have against the Government of Canada for its failure to discharge its lawful obligations under pre-1975 treaties, and the management of First Nation lands, monies and other assets.
• Specific claims result from Canada's historical behaviour towards First Nations. Negotiated settlements honour treaty and other legal obligations and resolve longstanding disputes in a way that respects the rights of all Canadians. Settlements provide First Nations with capital that can be invested in new opportunities for community and economic development that can benefit First Nations and their neighbours.
• Canada is committed to improving the efficiency, fairness and equity of the Specific Claims Program and the just and timely resolution of long-outstanding grievances.

Current Status

• In recent years, the Specific Claims Program has implemented several innovative practices to expedite claims resolution, such as bundling claims from a same First Nation, developing framework approaches to resolve similar claims, and adopting measures to accelerate the resolution of smaller value claims.
• The Program will continue to resolve longstanding grievances with First Nations while trying to find ways to improve the process.

Background

• Specific claims address legal obligations with respect to pre-1975 treaties and the misadministration of First Nation lands and other assets.
• The objective of the Specific Claims Program is to ensure that whenever possible, Canada discharges its lawful obligations to First Nations through the implementation of negotiated settlement agreements, as an alternative to litigation.
• The agricultural benefits provisions of the Numbered Treaties stipulate that the Crown would provide various inputs to support a First Nation's transition to farming or other economic pursuits. However, the Crown consistently failed to fulfill its obligations with respect to agricultural benefits, resulting in a large number of these types of specific claims against Canada. Since January 2023, the Government established the Expedited Resolution Strategy, which created a compensation framework for agricultural benefits specific claims in Treaties 4, 5 and 6 and 10.
• In the last five years, the Government has implemented improvements to the Program, such as compensation frameworks for agricultural benefits claims in Treaties 4, 5 and 6 and 10. As a result the rate of resolution has increased.

Key Data Points

• Over 188,000 claims were received by the January 2023 claims deadline and as of October 9, 2025, 161,046 claimants have received over $6.9 billion in compensation for the harms that they have suffered while attending a Federal Indian Day School.

Key Messages

• Canada deeply regrets past actions and policies that harmed Indigenous children, their families, and communities, and is committed to advancing reconciliation and healing for Survivors and their families.

Current Status

• As ordered by the Federal Court, all missing information had to have been received by the Claims Administrator, Deloitte, on or before June 27, 2025.
• The parties are working collaboratively with the claims administrator to ensure the remaining  claims move forward in an efficient and timely manner.

Background

• The Federal Indian Day Schools Settlement Agreement is an out of court settlement to resolve a certified national class action filed on behalf of former students at federally operated Indian Day Schools.
• Through this settlement agreement, all persons who attended one of the 699 eligible Indian Day Schools were able to apply for individual compensation for harms, including physical and sexual abuse, associated with their attendance.
• The Settlement also provided $200 million to the McLean Day Schools Settlement Corporation to fund projects that support language & culture, healing & wellness, commemoration, and truth telling.

Key Data Points

• The Residential Schools Missing Children Community Support Fund currently has 163 agreements in place with Indigenous communities and partners for a total of $260.7 million as of October 27, 2025.
• These funds support community-led and Survivor-centric efforts to locate, document, and memorialize burial sites associated with former Indian residential schools, and honour families' wishes to repatriate children's remains.
• Investigation work has been conducted for 61% of former residential school sites (89 of 140 Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement and 5 residential schools included in the Newfoundland and Labrador Residential Schools Settlement Agreement).

Key Messages

• Addressing the ongoing legacy of residential schools is a priority for the Government of Canada. The Residential Schools Missing Children – Community Support Fund allows Indigenous communities and families to undertake community-led and Survivor-centric initiatives to research, locate, and document burial sites associated with former residential schools.
• The search for missing children and unmarked burial sites at former residential schools is a complex, multiyear process that will likely take decades to complete. It must be Indigenous-led and Survivor-centric to honor and prioritize community cultural, spiritual, and emotional needs.
• Communities are in varying stages of readiness to address this work. Many communities have already completed, or are in the process of undertaking, steps to locate missing children through archival research, knowledge gathering, and various geophysical and survey methods, and in some cases, findings have been publicly announced. A limited number of communities are getting ready to proceed with exhumation and identification of children's remains.
• Examples of community work:
  • Research has led to the locating of the graves of two children – Alma Beaulieu (Deninu K'ue First Nation) and Juliette Rabbit Skin (Cree Nation of Mistissini) who died while attending Indian Residential Schools. The remains of both children have been repatriated to their home communities.
  • The archival research and knowledge gathering undertaken by the Cross Lake First Nation allows community members to answer their questions about children who attended the Cross Lake Indian Residential School. The goal has been "to build a bridge to the past by fostering a digital space where the stories of Residential School Students can be shared to ensure their memory endures".
  • The Assiniboia Residential School Legacy Group has created the Assiniboia Residential School Monument and Gathering Place in the City of Winnipeg. The beautiful Monument includes an inscription of the names of all of the children who attended, and died while attending the Assiniboia Indian Residential School.

Current Status

• The deadline for the Residential Schools Missing Children Community Support Fund Program application submissions was September 15, 2025. Since the beginning of the Program in 2021-2022, CIRNAC has received 195 formal requests for funding from Indigenous communities and organizations under the Program, totaling over $771.3 million. Program currently has 163 agreements in place with Indigenous communities and partners for a total of $260.7 million.
• Since 2021-22, the Government of Canada has invested $323.1 million to support the implementation of Calls to Action 74 to 76.
• Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada will continue to:
  • support communities through the Residential Schools Missing Children Community Support Fund.
  • collaborate with Survivors, Indigenous communities and others to support the work of locating, documenting, and commemorating cemeteries and unmarked burials associated with former Indian residential schools and honouring families' wishes to repatriate children's remains.
  • ensure Survivors, Indigenous communities, and families guide this work at their pace, in accordance with the principles identified in Call to Action 76.

Background

• The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action 74 to 76 sets out an approach to honour missing children from Indian Residential Schools as well as undocumented burial sites.
• On May 27, 2021, Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc announced the identification of over 200 potential unmarked burial sites at the former Kamloops Indian Residential School, prompting Indigenous communities and Survivors across Canada to initiate similar efforts to locate missing children at other residential school sites.
• In June 2021, Crown-Indigenous Relations (CIR) launched the Residential Schools Missing Children Community Support Fund to provide support to Indigenous communities and partners to develop and implement community-led initiatives to locate, document, and memorialize undocumented burial sites associated with Residential Schools and to honour families' wishes to identify and repatriate children's remains. These include 140 residential schools included in the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement and the 5 schools included in the Newfoundland and Labrador Residential Schools Settlement Agreement.

Key Data Points

• This litigation is the focus of considerable national attention due to the BC Supreme Court Decision of August 7, 2025 declaring that the Cowichan Nation has Aboriginal title to an area of urban land in Richmond, British Columbia, which includes some privately owned fee simple lands, along with lands owned by Canada and the City of Richmond.

Key Messages

• Canada disagrees with certain elements of Court's decision, and we appealed it in our own right on September 8th.
• We understand that this decision may cause uncertainty and concern for private landowners.
• This decision's potential significant implications, including on private property rights, necessitates greater legal clarity, and this clarity can come about through the proper legal process.

Current Status

• All parties to the litigation have appealed the Court's decision. We remain committed to reconciliation and to working constructively with all parties throughout this appeals process.
• The appeals will likely be heard by the BC Court of Appeal some time in 2026. Hearing dates have not yet been set.

Background

• In November 2014, the Cowichan Tribes, the Stz'uminus First Nation, the Penelakut Tribe, and the Halalt First Nation commenced an action in the BC Supreme Court against Canada, British Columbia, and the City of Richmond. The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Musqueam Indian Band and Tsawwassen First Nation were added as defendants in 2016.
• The plaintiffs sought a declaration of Aboriginal title to 1,846 acres of land located on the waterfront in the City of Richmond, and a declaration of an Aboriginal right to fish for food in the south arm of the Fraser River. The claimed lands include approximately 700 acres of federal lands managed by Vancouver Fraser Port Authority. The remaining lands are municipal (Richmond) or are held by private landowners.
• The BC Supreme Court trial lasted from September 2019 to November 2023. 
• On August 7, 2025, the Court issued its decision, declaring the Plaintiffs have title to approximately 40 percent of the claimed area and an Aboriginal right to fish.
• The Court also declared:
  • Canada's fee simple interests in the Aboriginal title lands (other than the fuel delivery lands) to be defective and invalid;
  • Canada has a duty to negotiate Canada's fee simple interest in the fuel delivery lands with the Plaintiffs' Aboriginal title;
  • the Crown grants of fee simple interests in the Aboriginal title lands unjustifiably infringe the Plaintiffs' title.
• Canada filed its Notice of Appeal on September 8, and is appealing portions of the decision around Aboriginal title and invalidity of Canada's fee simple interests. The appeal is filed to achieve clarity and certainty on the issues raised by the decision, which are of national importance.
• The other parties have also appealed parts of the decision. This includes the Cowichan, who have appealed the overall declaration of title – on appeal, Cowichan is seeking title to all of the claimed area or in the alternative, a larger portion of the claim area than that to which title was declared.

Key Data Points

• Restoule: In 2024, Canada, Ontario and 21 Robinson Huron Treaty First Nations signed a $10 billion settlement agreement that resolved a longstanding dispute about Treaty annuity payments under the Robinson Huron Treaty of 1850. This settlement was one of the largest of its kind achieved to date in Canada. The settlement creates new opportunities for the Robinson Huron Treaty First Nations to invest in a brighter future for their communities and grow the local economies in the treaty territory. The settlement payment was evenly divided between Canada and Ontario ($5 billion each).
• Whitesand: In January 2025, Canada committed to paying $1.82 billion in compensation to the First Nations of the Robinson Superior Treaty of 1850 pursuant to a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in July of 2024. Ontario committed to paying an identical amount. The government views this compensation amount as an honourable exercise of Crown discretion that meets the obligations determined by the Supreme Court. The Robinson Superior First Nations have sought a review of the Crown's decision in court.

Key Messages

• The Restoule settlement for compensation of past annuities was a major milestone in ongoing collaborative work to build a renewed Treaty relationship that is rooted in mutual respect, shared prosperity and partnership.
• Discussions on forward-looking arrangements on Treaty annuities is still at an early stage.
• With respect to the Whitesand litigation, we recognize that the Supreme Court of Canada's decision gave First Nations the option to seek a review by the trial court of Canada's and Ontario's payment of compensation. We respect the Robinson Superior First Nations' decision to seek a review by the court. I cannot offer any further comment in light of the ongoing litigation.

Current Status

• In the Restoule context (Robinson Huron Treaty), the settlement on past annuities sets the stage for future work to explore forward-looking arrangements on Treaty annuities. CIRNAC has initiated these discussions with the Robinson Huron First Nations. As this important work is just getting underway, we cannot speculate about what any future negotiated arrangements will look like or how long this work will take.
• In the Whitesand litigation, brought by the Robinson Superior First Nations, the Court review of the Crown's determination of past compensation ($1.82 billion) was heard in June 2025. The court could decide that the Crown's determination of compensation was sufficient or insufficient to meet the obligations of the Treaty. If the court finds the decision insufficient, it may order a new amount to be paid, or order a redetermination by the Crown based on court guidance.
• It is not known when the Court's decision will be released.

Background

• The Restoule and Whitesand actions are two civil actions brought by First Nations of the Robinson Huron Treaty and Robinson Superior Treaty respectively alleging Ontario and Canada had breached the terms of the Robinson Treaties of 1850 by failing to periodically increase annuity payments. For much of the proceedings the two actions were joined and heard together in the Ontario Superior Court between 2017 and 2023.
• On the interpretation of the Robinson Treaties, the Ontario Superior Court found the Crown had an obligation to increase the Treaty annuity payments over time. This decision was mostly upheld by the Ontario Court of Appeal. Ontario appealed this decision to the Supreme Court of Canada where the appeal was heard in July 2024. Concurrently, all parties were preparing for the "Stage 3" trial in Ontario court to determine the compensation that the Crown owed to the First Nations for not having increased annuities over time. At Stage 3, the Restoule and Whitesand actions diverged:
  • The Restoule Plaintiffs (Robinson Huron Treaty) chose to adjourn their Stage 3 trial to pursue negotiations with Canada and Ontario resulting in the $10 billion settlement.
  • The Whitesand Plaintiffs (Robinson Superior Treaty) proceeded with the Stage 3 trial, which was heard from January to September 2023.
• On July 26, 2024, the Supreme Court released its decision on appeal of the Treaty interpretation decision, and confirmed that the Crown breached the Robinson Treaties by failing to increase Treaty annuity payments over time.
• The Supreme Court ordered that Canada and Ontario honourably negotiate with the Robinson Superior Treaty First Nations over a period of six months to determine compensation. If a settlement could not be reached within six months, the Crown must determine an honourable amount of compensation and make that payment.
• The parties were unsuccessful in reaching a negotiated resolution. On January 27, 2025, Canada (and Ontario) announced the determination that they would each pay $1.82 billion in compensation to the Robinson Superior First Nations. On the same day the Robinson Superior First Nations indicated that they would seek review of this decision by the Ontario Superior Court as allowed by the decision of the Supreme Court.

Key Data Points

• CIRNAC currently manages 20 annuity-related civil litigation actions involving at least 223 of the 275 Numbered Treaty First Nations. The actions claim breaches and damages based on Canada not having increased annuities over time.

Key Messages

• We recognize that more needs to be done in renewing the Treaty relationship and we remain open to looking at ways to advance this important work with Treaty First Nation partners.

Current Status

• Most annuity-related civil actions were filed in 2023 or 2024. Most are in the early stages of the litigation process. Roughly half the claims were filed as representative actions, and half as proposed class actions.
• The most advanced representative proceeding is Nelson v. Canada (Treaty 1). The claim seeks $11 billion in compensation as well as punitive damages. A trial is scheduled to begin in February 2026. A decision can be expected as soon as late 2026.

Background

• The Numbered Treaties were entered into between Canada and First Nations from 1871 to 1921. There are now 275 recognized Numbered Treaty First Nations. The Numbered Treaties include annual payments of $4 or $5 to registered members. There is no provision in the Treaties specifying that annuities be augmented over time, and such that the same amount is still paid annually to registered individuals.
• Of the 20 litigation claims filed, 11 are proposed class actions. Canada's position in all the class actions is to oppose certification on the basis that representative actions are the preferable procedure (in class actions, individuals can opt out and pursue their own litigation and remedy). The first decision on class certification was rendered in the Nepinak and Acoose (Treaty 4) litigation in May 2025. The court dismissed certification, in alignment with Canada's position. The decision is currently under appeal. Successful certification of any of the proposed class actions could impact the jurisprudence and remedies being sought.
• Unlike the earlier Robinson-Huron and Robinson-Superior Treaties that are the subject of treaty annuity indexation litigation in the Restoule/Whitesand proceedings, the Numbered Treaties do not specify that their treaty annuities be augmented over time. While treaty annuities have virtually no purchasing power today, they carry deep symbolic significance as part of the solemn treaty relationship.

Key Data Points

• Since 2012, the Department has attributed $256,156.00 per year (on average) directly to the Indigenous Artists Community to purchase, exhibit or reproduce their artwork.
• The Collection is the only federal heritage collection solely dedicated to Contemporary Indigenous Art, consisting of 5,176 works valued at approximately $14.4 million and represents a diverse range of art forms from prominent, mid-career, and emerging First Nations, Métis, and Inuit artists.
• An audit of the Collection has identified 132 artwork as being unaccounted for, combined total value of $16,092.00 (0.001% of the value of the collection).
• Between 2018 and 2024, the Indigenous Art Centre worked with external partners to coordinate 124 loans to Museums/Galleries/Cultural Institutions - both Nationally and Internationally (U.S., Taiwan, Brazil and Norway) - which featured 760 artworks from the Indigenous Art Collection.

Key Messages

• Established in 1965, the Collection has flourished to become one of the most important collections of contemporary Indigenous art in Canada, and continues to provide economic benefits to Indigenous artists.
• The Government of Canada takes its responsibility for the care of the Collection seriously. All five audit recommendations were accepted and are being implemented, with actions focused on renewing policy instruments, improving documentation and governance, and developing a long-term facility plan, in order to support the Collection's development, promotion, conservation and preservation.
• There has been no evidence of theft. The audit did not identify any missing pieces during the time-period of the audit. A previous loan program to federal officials, including with Parliament, was discontinued in 2017 on the basis that it exposed art work to unnecessary risk.
• Since 2012, the Indigenous Art Centre, tasked with promoting the Collection, have partnered with:
  • The Department of Heritage ("Arts in the Courtyard" and "Arts in the Tunnels") displaying reproductions of artworks in public spaces around the NCR.
  • The Morrisseau Project, 1955-1985 (Carleton University).
  • The Lunar Codex Project: depositing digital versions of works in the Collection on the moon, and into deep space.
  • Publications such as Canadian Geographic, Canada's History magazine and Art Canada Institute.
• In 2024, purchasing of new art was deferred in light of the economic realities faced by Canada.

Current Status

• The Centre follows guidelines published by the Canadian Conservation Institute to ensure activity and spaces adhere to industry standards and recommendations.
• CIRNAC completed an internal audit of the Indigenous Art Collection in 2024, as part of its approved Risk-Based Audit Plan, to assess governance, oversight, and controls supporting the acquisition, preservation, protection, and promotion of Indigenous artworks.
• The audit confirmed that a professional inventory system and conservation partnerships are in place, while identifying the need to update policies, strengthen documentation and oversight of recordkeeping, and formalize third-party storage and contracting practices.
• The current vault space meets RCMP secured storage requirements which includes access control, mesh in non-concrete walls, frame reinforcement of doors, security bars installed in HVAC duct work, and a 24/7 monitoring system that communicates with Departmental Security system.
• Departmental staff continue to investigate the unaccounted pieces.
• Since April 1, 2025, the Department has partnered with museums, galleries and cultural centres on 14 loans, comprised of 110 artworks from the Collection (and counting).
• The Department has deferred the purchase of new art work since April 2024 in light of current fiscal constraints.

Background

In 1991, the Collection was granted Category ‘A' Designation under the Cultural Property Export and Import Act, by the Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board (CCPERB), Department of Canadian Heritage Movable Cultural Property Program. As part of this classification, the Indigenous Art Centre is also responsible for a Gallery space located in the lobby of the CIRNAC headquarters. This gallery allows the Indigenous Art Centre to promote and make the Collection accessible to the public, while providing a means of raising awareness of the history of Canada's Indigenous peoples and the contemporary issues they face in Canadian society. All works within the Collection are accessible to the public, upon request, through research inquiries, curatorial projects, and loan programs (to galleries, museums, and cultural centers). The Indigenous Art Centre is currently working on a public catalog project that will be available online.

Up to the mid-2010's, the Collection was used as a decorative resource, administered through internal art Loan Agreements, between the Department, sectors and regional offices, and other government departments. A 2013 report from the Canadian Conservation Institute identified office displays as a danger to the Collection, and the program was terminated in 2017.

In 2022, the Indigenous Art Centre began relocating the Collection to a temporary Public Services and Procurement Canada storage facility located within the National Capital Region as the previous storage facility was going through renovations.

The departmental audit of the Indigenous Art Collection was completed and posted in 2025.